4 MIN READ

8 Expressions You’ll Hear in Texas

Learn some Texan expressions that capture the charm, wit, and larger-than-life personality of the Lone Star State.

by Bennett Kleinman
texas flag

Everything’s bigger in Texas, including the lexicon, as evidenced by the extensive list of local sayings and idioms used throughout the Lone Star State. These turns of phrase make it easy to spot a Texan from a mile away (though the ten-gallon hats and spurred cowboy boots certainly help as well). There are classic expressions, such as “howdy” and “y’all,” as well as some phrases you may not be familiar with unless you’re from Texas. Let’s look at some of the distinctive phrases that are particularly common among Texans.

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Fixin’ To

Fixin’ to” is the unofficial state verb of Texas. It’s used in a situation where you’re about to do something, but aren’t quite ready just yet. You might say, for example, “I’m fixin’ to go buy groceries,” which more or less means, “I’m planning to go buy groceries.” If someone says they’re “fixin’ to” do something, then it’s on their mind and likely to occur in the near future.

Coke

When you order a “Coke” in Texas, someone might ask you what kind. This may be confusing to non-Texans, as they probably just wanted a Coca-Cola. But “Coke,” like “soda” and “pop,” is a regionalism; Texans use the word to refer to any type of fizzy soft drink. So, if you want a Sprite, you may start by ordering a “Coke,” and then clarifying that you want a Sprite.

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Might Could

While a lot of slang words help to shorten sentences, sometimes Texans add words that make common phrases longer. This is the case with “might could,” which is a particularly popular Texan saying. While in most parts of the country you’d say, “I could take care of that,” in Texas you’d say, “I might could take care of that.” At the end of the day, these two sentences mean the exact same thing, but Texans like adding a little extra “might” in there.

All Hat, No Cattle

Have you ever heard the phrase “all bark and no bite”? Well, in Texas — where there’s quite a lot of cattle — you’re far more likely to hear “all hat and no cattle.” Both idioms mean that someone is all talk and no action.

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Bless Your Heart

The phrase “bless your heart” can be received one of two ways in Texas. Sometimes it’s sincere and sympathetic, but more often than not it’s delivered in a condescending tone. Deciphering the meaning all comes down to context. Someone who tells you, “Bless your heart,” may actually feel sorry for you, or they may be judging you while maintaining a superficial perception of being nice.

Reckon

People in Texas don’t just think — they “reckon.” This classic Texan slang is used in a variety of ways, such as for making a prediction or guess, or expressing a strongly held belief. For instance, someone might say, “I reckon that it’ll rain later,” or, “I reckon it’ll take a few hours to fix the car,” or even, “I reckon that BBQ is my favorite type of food.”

Wouldn’t Bite a Biscuit

If someone says a person or animal “wouldn’t bite a biscuit,” it means they’re a kind and harmless creature. The implication here is that Texans love their biscuits with a passion, so anyone or anything that wouldn’t bite into such a tasty treat is viewed as pretty mild.

All Git-Out

Last but not least, if you’re trying to convey something to an extreme degree in Texas, you may use the saying “all git-out.” This adverbial phrase is usually tacked onto the end of sentences in tandem with an adjective, as in, “The sun is as hot as all git-out,” or, “This brisket is as tasty as all git-out.” In any instance, it essentially means something is true to the maximum degree possible.

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3 MIN READ

Who Is ‘Pete’ in ‘For Pete’s Sake’?

Is Pete even a person? Let’s explore the origins of the phrase “for Pete’s sake.”

by Samantha Abernethy
Man silhouette

When I think of the phrase “for Pete’s sake,” I hear it with a tone of exasperation. Perhaps that’s why I thought the “Pete” in question might be Peter Pan, the boy who wouldn’t grow up. After all, who hasn’t been exasperated by a childish prank? But it turns out “Pete” may not refer to a person at all. 

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“For Pete’s sake” is an idiom, or an expression whose meaning cannot be derived from the literal meaning of individual words in the phrase. Let’s give it a try here anyway. The word “sake” comes from the Old English word sacu, meaning “a cause or dispute.” These days, “sake” refers to a purpose or motive, and it almost always appears in a clause such as “for the sake of time” or “for my sake.” So, if we go back to “for Pete’s sake,” we have something that means “for the benefit of Pete.”

“For Pete’s sake” is often used as a euphemism (a literary device we covered in a recent edition), a less vulgar replacement for a curse word or, in this case, a religious word. For example, “oh my gosh” is a euphemism to avoid saying “Oh my God.” There’s a popular theory that the “Pete” in question” was St. Peter; however, this is likely a folk etymology, as there is no evidence anyone purposely chose Peter to refer to the saint. A folk etymology is when a plausible origin is adopted to match a current usage, similar to a backronym (also discussed in a recent edition), yet there’s no basis in fact.  

The first citation of “for Pete’s sake” in the Oxford English Dictionary is in 1903, but the similar-sounding phrase “for pity’s sake” is much older. It has been around since at least the early 1600s, and it appeared in Shakespeare’s Othello. The phrase “for peace’s sake” has also been used sporadically since the 1600s, although “for the sake of peace” is more common. It’s not a stretch to assume that “for Pete’s sake evolved out of the similar pronunciation of “Pete” and “peace.” 

“For Pete’s sake,” isn’t the only idiom named after no one. We can’t forget  “heavens to Betsy” and “by George” — and although there have been several notable individuals named “Sam Hill” in American history (such as the abolitionist), the phrase “What in Sam Hill?” predates all of them. In all of these idioms, the name in question could refer to any Tom, Dick, or Harry — who also were not specific people.

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3 MIN READ

What Is a Metonym?

A metonym is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, often based on location or cultural context.

by Rachel Gresh
King Edwards Crown

During a recent visit to London, I noticed something about the language used by our guides while touring the storied streets of Westminster. They rarely said “the royal family” or a specific name. Instead, they referred to the collective British monarchy as “the crown” or “the palace.” Of course, we knew what they meant, but someone who isn’t a native English speaker (or hasn’t seen the Netflix show) might be confused. After all, a crown is an object that sits on a head and can’t participate in ceremonies or confer a knighthood. Using the words “crown” or “palace” to refer to the British monarchy is an example of a figure of speech called “metonymy.” When a word is used this way — as a substitute for another word, phrase, or expression that it’s intimately associated with — it’s called a “metonym.”

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While on my British vacation, I noticed metonymy everywhere. “Downing Street” serves as a metonym for another influential entity, the British prime minister, or more broadly, the U.K. government, as in, “Citizens are eagerly awaiting news from Downing Street regarding a possible tax hike.” Just down the street is “Scotland Yard,” originally the name of the Metropolitan Police headquarters, now used as shorthand for the police force itself. And “Fleet Street” is the unofficial moniker for the British press. The thoroughfare is no longer the home of many of the newspapers, but in the 18th and 19th centuries, it was the heart of the British publishing industry. 

This linguistic phenomenon isn’t unique to British dialogue — locations often serve as metonymic symbols around the globe. “The Vatican,” for instance, succinctly stands in for the Roman Catholic Church, and Aussies refer to their federal government as “Canberra” — the capital city. In the U.S., “Hollywood” refers to the American film industry, and “Nashville” stands in for the country music industry. On the governmental side of things, “Washington” refers to the federal government (or things associated with it, such as lobbyists), “Pentagon” applies to the Department of Defense, and “White House” stands in for the president or their administration.

The term “metonymy” comes from the Greek metōnymia, aptly meaning “change of name.” While many recognizable examples relate to places or institutions, metonyms can replace everyday words. For instance, “red tape” often stands in for a complicated bureaucratic process. This metonymy takes us back to England, referring to the red tape historically used to bind British legal documents. Using metonymy in this way enriches everyday conversations or helps make a point more clearly, and sometimes, it can reveal cultural nuances and shared understandings, too.

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2 MIN READ

Why Do We Call It a ‘Spelling Bee’?

Uncover the origins of the term “spelling bee” and how it became the name for a classic competition.

by Bennett Kleinman
children's blocks spelling out spelling bee

The term “spelling bee” is an interesting name that has nothing to do with the insect. No vendors are selling honeycomb, there’s no mandatory black and yellow dress code, and the only buzzing is probably coming from an incandescent light hanging overhead. So how did spelling bees get their name? Using “bee” to describe communal gatherings intended to accomplish a specific goal entered the collective lexicon in the 18th century. 

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“Bee” was used in this specific context by 1769, referring to an “informal social gathering … organized to carry out a specific activity.” The reason for the term “bee” is unclear, though there are theories. According to Scripps National Spelling Bee — the preeminent U.S. spelling competition — the term is derived from the Middle English “bene,” which translates to “a prayer or favor.” As the English language evolved, “bene” became “been,” used in reference to any help that was given toward accomplishing a task. It’s believed “been” was shortened to “bee,” which is where the modern term comes from. However, this is just a linguistic theory that’s difficult to confirm one way or the other. The word “bee” as an insect has been in use since at least 13th-century Old English writings.

The first published mention of a communal bee came in the Boston Gazette. It referenced a group of women meeting for a “Spinning Match; (or what is call’d in the Country a Bee)” to produce cottons and linens. Soon people were gathering for quilting bees, drinking bees, sewing bees, and more. In 1850, the term “spelling bee” appeared in print in The Knickerbocker magazine. It made mention of spelling bees occurring at schools in the country, implying these events were already considered common at the time.

In 2025, the Scripps National Spelling Bee will celebrate its 100th anniversary. Schools can apply for entry through January 31, 2025, so there’s still time to get onstage at the most prestigious spelling bee in the world.

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3 MIN READ

What’s the Difference Between Supper and Dinner?

While many use “dinner” and “supper” interchangeably today, these terms once distinguished between midday and evening meals, and classified the importance of the meal.

by Bennett Kleinman
Elegant cutlery with napkin on plate

The terms “supper” and “dinner” both mean one thing: that it’s a bad day to be a tasty cheeseburger or a delicious plate of pasta. These words are often used interchangeably to refer to a large meal at night, but throughout history, they haven’t been entirely synonymous. To better understand how to use them correctly, let’s travel back to the 18th century, when the three most common meals eaten each day were called “breakfast,” “dinner,” and “supper.”

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Supper” is defined by Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as “the last meal of the day,” while Merriam-Webster classifies it as “the evening meal especially when dinner is taken at midday.” The definition of “dinner,” meanwhile, has undergone a slight evolution over time. As early as the 14th century, dinner was defined as “the first large meal of the day,” but through the 18th century, it evolved to be considered “the main meal of the day, taken either around midday or in the evening.” Based on the definitions, you can see that the concepts of supper and dinner are intertwined, but not exactly interchangeable.

Now for some historical context — according to food historian Helen Zoe Veit, 18th- and 19th-century people often “[ate] dinner — the biggest meal of the day — around noon.” This was due to many people working from home (on a family farm, for example, not in a home office like you might), making it easier to prepare and eat a large midday meal. At night, these folks were usually still satisfied from their big midday dinner, but they would have a light supper before bed.

As industrialization expanded and people left their homes to work in factories and office spaces, it became difficult to prepare a large midday meal worthy of being called “dinner.” Consequently, dinner shifted to the evening when people got home from work. Supper became less common as there was no need for a light meal before bed. That said, you can technically swap “supper” for “dinner” if you’re talking about the last meal of the day. Using “supper” for the evening meal is most common in farming communities where the largest meal is still eaten at midday. 

The most common term for the midday meal now is “lunch,” which is a shortening of “luncheon.” It came about in the early 16th century, referring to a light repast (an old-fashioned term for “snack”) served between the meals of breakfast and midday dinner. If we were in Great Britain, we could devote many additional lines to the differences between high tea, afternoon tea, and royal tea, but we’ll save that for a future edition. Bon appétit!

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2 MIN READ

What Is a Zeugma?

A zeugma is a literary technique that creates multiple meanings in a single context. Thanks to zeugmas, we can humorously express the idea of losing both our wallets and our patience.

by Rachel Gresh
Woman Wearing Black Headphones

I have a theory that music listeners fall into one of two camps: The first values catchy melodies and harmonies, while the second is drawn to the poetry of lyrics. I’m firmly in the latter camp. Recently, while immersed in the lyrics of Taylor Swift’s most recent album, The Tortured Poets Department, I found a line that scratched my wordplay-loving itch. In the song “The Smallest Man Who Ever Lived,” she sings, “You crashed my party and your rental car.”

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This line exemplifies a zeugma (pronounced “ZOOG-muh”), a rhetorical device that modifies two different nouns using one word (usually a verb or an adjective). Here, “crashed” applies to both “party” and “rental car,” linking the emotional turmoil of an uninvited guest with the literal disaster of crashing a rental car. The zeugma emphasizes the chaos caused by this individual, creating a vivid image that wouldn’t be as powerful if it were expressed in two separate lines.

The use of zeugmas is nothing new. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen wielded this tool during an interaction between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy: “Yet time and her aunt moved slowly — and her patience and her ideas were nearly worn out before the tête-à-tête was over.” In this instance, Austen illustrates that while Elizabeth’s aunt physically moves slowly, time also drags on figuratively, heightening the awkwardness of her conversation with Mr. Darcy.

A few decades later, Mark Twain employed the device in one of his most memorable lines from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: “They covered themselves with dust and glory.” Here, “covered” is used literally with “dust” and figuratively with “glory,” making the phrase more engaging because of this union.

“Zeugma” itself is pulled directly from the Greek zeugma, meaning “that which is used for joining.” If you incorporate this tool in your writing, use it judiciously. A well-placed zeugma can add flair, emphasis, or humor, but it demands more from readers. Overuse can lead to confusion or fatigue, so use it sparingly — just as Swift, Austen, and Twain have masterfully demonstrated.

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3 MIN READ

What Does “QR Code” Stand For?

Not all abbreviations are as complex as they seem. Such is the case for “QR code.”

by Rachel Gresh
man's hand scanning QR code through mobile phone

I admit that QR codes were once a puzzling concept — an intriguing but seemingly unnecessary tool. That changed in 2020 when technology became a lifeline for everyone amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The social-distancing practices enacted during that time meant learning new ways to navigate daily life, and QR codes became an indispensable tool for businesses and institutions. The square-shaped, black-and-white codes are scanned using a smartphone or tablet camera, providing instant access to restaurant menus, appointment check-ins, product details, and more. Their versatility and convenience have made the codes essential to our “new normal,” persisting long after many social-distancing practices have faded. But what does “QR” stand for, and where did these codes come from?

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The answer to the first question is simple — “QR” is an initialism for “quick response” — but the answer to the second is a little more involved. The QR code story begins in the 1990s, when Japanese car engineer Masahiro Hara faced a significant limitation: traditional barcodes stored only 20 characters of data, and printing multiple barcodes on packaging was increasingly inefficient. Determined to create a more effective barcode, Hara set out to innovate.

Hara drew inspiration from the board game Go, which features black and white playing pieces on a square grid. His invention, a more sophisticated version of the traditional barcode, was markedly different from antiquated horizontal barcodes, because his design stored information both horizontally and vertically in a square grid, holding up to 2,953 bytes of data or 7,089 numeric characters. In comparison, UPCs (Universal Product Codes), commonly found on products in North America, are limited to just 12 numeric characters.

Hara’s invention, dubbed “quick response codes,” debuted in 1994 but struggled to gain consumer popularity. This perception shifted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Suddenly, QR codes were an efficient way to order food, complete forms, and pay bills from your own device, without exchanging physical contact. When asked about his invention’s impact during the pandemic, Hara remarked, “I’m really pleased that it’s been used to help improve people’s safety. Back in 1994 we were focused on its use in the economy… we never thought it would be used for something like this.” 

It seems that QR codes are here to stay, but something new could be on the horizon. In 2023, Hara announced he was working on a new version of the QR code that could store more information through the inclusion of color. As a QR code convert, I’m looking forward to it.

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4 MIN READ

These Slang Terms Reveal Which Generation You Were Born In

Discover how the slang you use can reveal your generation, from “daddy-o” to “skibidi.”

by Bennett Kleinman
Slay, slang word written on letter boxes

There are a few easy ways to determine someone’s age. You can ask them how old they are, look at their driver’s license, or, to make it more fun, toss out an educated guess based on the slang terms they use. Many slang words and phrases are pretty indicative of a certain time period. That’s because new terms are coined each generation, while older slang eventually falls out of fashion. Generational divides can be spotted by the popular slang terms that came about during each time period.

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Silent Generation

The Silent Generation encompasses people born between 1928 and 1945, when slang wasn’t as popular as it is today. Watching movies or reading books written during these years will reveal language that seems formal to modern ears. That said, by the 1950s, members of the Silent Generation had coined a few slang terms that were embraced by the youth. “Daddy-o” referred to someone cool, and a person was “cruising for a bruising” if they were looking for trouble. It was the following generation, however, that introduced several slang words that are still used today.

Baby Boomers

Baby boomers (born between 1946 and 1964) embraced slang on a wider scale, coining sayings such as “boob tube” (“television”), “threads” (“clothing”), and “ticked off” (“annoyed”), to name just a few. Boomers also came up with “dig it” for when you’re really into something, or saying you have to “split” when it’s time to leave. Other slang words from this time include “groovy” (“cool”), “square” (“uncool”), and “moo juice,” to describe a fresh glass of milk.

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Generation X

Generation X includes anyone born from 1965 through 1980. Gen Xers are known for living a somewhat grungier lifestyle than their predecessors, as evidenced by the music that became popular in the late 1980s and early ’90s. This generation popularized terms such as “gnarly” and “phat.” “This rocks” describes something that’s amazing, and slang terms including “dude” and “homeslice” became positive terms of address. A Gen Xer would also tell someone to take a “chill pill” to calm down, invite someone back to watch TV at their “crib,” or call something “bogus” if it’s false.

Millennials

Millennials, the more popular term for Gen Y, are people born from 1981 to 1996. The rise of this generation coincided with the rise of the internet, so many slang terms are the initialisms that developed out of internet culture: “BRB” (“be right back”), “OMG” (“oh my god”), “TBH” (“to be honest”), among others. Millennials are also responsible for coining words such as “bae” (to talk about their significant other) and “slay” (to praise someone doing something exceptionally well). You may also hear a millennial use “adulting” when behaving responsibly, “keeping it 100” when being real and truthful, or “getting swole” when lifting weights at the gym. This generation may also feel serious “FOMO,” which means a “fear of missing out.”

Generation Z

Gen Zers, also known as “zoomers,” came into the world between 1997 and 2012. For many older adults today, Gen Z slang is enough to make your head spin. But terms such as “cheugy” (“outdated”) and “sus” (“questionable” or “dishonest”) are part of a coded language that these young people share. Another popular series of terms coined by this generation are “cap” (“false”), “no cap” (“true”), and “capping” (“lying”). 

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Generation Alpha

Generation Alpha generally includes anyone born since 2010. If you’re a member of the Silent Generation — or even a millennial — then some of the most popular Gen Alpha slang may sound like an alien language. Take, for example, the slang term “skibidi,” which can refer to something that’s either cool or bad, or even be used as complete gibberish. Its origin is a meme called the “Skibidi Toilet,” and there’s an associated viral dance trend. If this still doesn’t make sense to you, you’re not in Gen Alpha. It’s enough to know that “skibidi” is often used as an exclamation in bizarre situations. For something that does make more sense, try “rizz,” an abbreviation of “charisma,” used to describe someone with the trait. Gen Alpha also uses the Greek letters “sigma” and “beta” to describe something that’s good or weak, respectively.

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3 MIN READ

Is It Ever OK To End a Sentence With a Preposition?

Barring prepositions from the end of sentences is a grammar school fallacy many have fallen victim to. Discover why words like “with,” “of,” “for,” and “to” are worthy of a finale.

by Rachel Gresh
An underline and a dot, as the end of a sentence

S tar Wars fans might recall Obi-Wan’s Jedi mind trick in A New Hope when he tells stormtroopers, “These aren’t the droids you’re looking for.” Were Star Wars writers wrong about the placement of the preposition “for”? Should Obi-Wan instead have said, “These aren’t the droids for which you’re looking”? The latter sounds unnatural (and much more Yoda-esque, to be honest). Situations like these have caused grammar reformers to question or outright rebel against this “rule” about not ending sentences with prepositions.

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Prepositions explain one noun’s relation to another, often indicating where or when. They can tell you if a cat is above, below, beside, or under the bed, and they also indicate if the cat hid there before, during, or after dinner. Some argue against ending a sentence with a preposition because it indicates a relationship between two words. They reason that a sentence might seem unfinished if a second noun isn’t included after the preposition. However, ending a sentence with a preposition isn’t the grave grammar mistake that some make it out to be.

Consider this sentence: “The vase was on the table until the cat knocked it off.” Ending with the preposition “off” sounds natural. By the same token, “That’s what I’m talking about” sounds better than “That’s about which I’m talking,” and the structure of “I have no eggs to bake with” is more common than “I have no eggs with which to bake.” As you can see, context and structure matter. 

However, just because it isn’t wrong doesn’t mean it’s always right. Sometimes, that ending preposition is redundant. Asking a friend, “Where are you at?” or “Where are you going to?” falls into this trap with unnecessary prepositions. “Where are you?” and “Where are you going?” are complete questions. To avoid this mistake, try removing the end preposition and see if the sentence still makes sense. 

To give some context, the argument for the rule dates back to the 17th century. Grammarians tried to instill Latin preposition placement rules into English, resulting in some believing these were hard-and-fast English rules. In modern English, preposition placement comes down to writing style — there’s no need to adhere to an arbitrary centuries-old rule. Today, most grammar guides and syntax experts agree that ending a sentence with a preposition is OK if it sounds natural and doesn’t break any true grammar rules.

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2 MIN READ

Why Do We Say ‘Costs an Arm and a Leg’?

From literal to figurative roots, learn the reasons why we describe expensive items as “costing an arm and leg” instead of “an eyeball and an ear.”

by Bennett Kleinman
Human skeleton in front, profile and back

When you say something “costs an arm and a leg,” you’re implying that the item is prohibitively expensive. But why do we reference those body parts instead of, say, “an ear and an eye” or “a toe and a tongue”? The idiom’s origins are somewhat murky, and one of the earliest uses comes without much context. In 1576, an English translation of a Philippe de Mornay work about life and death made mention of how long and tedious actions may come “at the cost of an arme or a leg.” The topic of the work implies the initial definition was more literal, and it had less to do with finances.

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Another, albeit possibly apocryphal, theory dates back to 1680, when England’s Charles II asked Sir Thomas Armstrong and Colonel George Legge to manufacture regal coinage for use in the Irish colony. This aspect of the story is historical fact, but it’s an unconfirmed rumor that people would colloquially say that an item with a purchase price of a halfpenny “cost an Arm and a Legge,” referring to the surnames of the two men who produced the coins. This is in no way verified, though it’s one of the more widely professed origin stories behind the idiom.

Eric Partridge, the author of a dictionary of American and British phrases from as far back as the 16th century, suggests the phrase comes from an earlier phrase, “if it takes a leg,” which was used by people seeking revenge at all costs. The “arm and a leg” version later appeared in a very literal way in American newspapers in the early 20th century, referencing disfiguring factory accidents.

By 1924, the phrase had turned more metaphorical, and “an arm and a leg” referred to exorbitant prices. An Oakland Tribune article said, “There is so much interest in the game and so few seats, compared to the number of persons who would almost give an arm or a leg to see it.” By the 1940s, the idiom was used far and wide in American society to describe an item that costs a surprisingly large amount of money, a usage that remains today. 

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