2 MIN READ

Is It OK To Use Split Infinitives?

Although they’re historically frowned upon, the rule against split infinitives is more guideline than law. In some cases, split infinitives can enhance meaning and tone.

by Rachel Gresh
holding a pencil, writing something in a notebook

Consider the classic mission statement from Star Trek‘s USS Enterprise: “To boldly go where no man has gone before.” Captain Kirk’s split infinitive — placing the adverb “boldly” between the parts of the infinitive “to” and “go” — gives the phrase a sense of urgency and drama that would be lost in an “unsplit” version: “To go boldly where no man has gone before.” This often-quoted example shows that split infinitives have a purpose, even when traditional grammar purists may argue against them.

An infinitive is the form of a verb created by adding “to” to the base form of a verb, such as “to go” or “to speak.” A split infinitive is created when an adverb is inserted between “to” and the principal verb, as in “to secretly admire” or “to carefully examine.” Splitting an infinitive can indeed cause ambiguity or confusion in a sentence, but it is not inherently incorrect and, in fact, can sometimes improve the sentence’s tone or meaning.

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In some cases, for example, splitting the infinitive can highlight a specific action. Consider: “My manager has to regularly analyze updated prices.” Here, the manager’s action of analyzing prices on a regular cadence is the focus. However, “unsplitting” the infinitive changes the meaning: “My manager has to analyze regularly updated prices.” Now, it’s unclear if the manager is analyzing on a regular schedule or if the prices are updated regularly. Split infinitives can reduce ambiguity. It’s worth noting that you can “unsplit” the same sentence as “My manager regularly has to analyze updated prices,” and the meaning is clear. It really comes down to the flow of the sentence and where you want the emphasis to land.

There are, however, occasions when splitting should be avoided, particularly in formal or academic writing where some style guides discourage it. It’s also best to forgo split infinitives if a sentence contains multiple adverbs: “Be sure to speak slowly, confidently, and clearly” is more explicit than “Be sure to slowly, confidently, and clearly speak.”

Ultimately, the rule against split infinitives is outdated, and there’s no rigid grammar law against it. May this empower you to boldly go where no writer has gone before and split your infinitives when necessary.

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4 MIN READ

5 New Words We Think Should Exist

Sometimes the perfect word just doesn’t exist — yet. Here are five terms we think the English language needs.

by Bennett Kleinman
Flying letters with a sharpened pencil

When trying to express yourself, you may struggle to come up with the perfect word. It could be a case of lethologica (the technical word for a word being on the tip of your tongue), but sometimes, the right word simply doesn’t exist. The good news is the English language is always evolving, and our collective lexicon has plenty of room for newly coined terms. Some come from pop culture — think “rejoicify” from Wicked or “embiggen” from The Simpsons — while others are concocted by regular people like you and me.

We asked Optimism team members to answer one question: What word do you think should exist? Responses came in with definitions, explanations, and etymological breakdowns. Here are a few words our team would like to see added to the dictionary.

Somniful

Do you know that satisfying feeling of slipping into a cozy, well-made bed after a long, productive day? We think the perfect word to describe that state would be “somniful,” derived from the Latin prefix somni-, meaning “sleep.” This suggestion comes from Brooke Robinson, Associate Editor of Interesting Facts. She says it describes how she feels as she climbs into bed when the house is clean and she’s freshly showered and ready to be lulled into a deep, restful slumber.

Relaxxiety

Have you ever felt like you can’t relax and should be out in the world trying to accomplish something? This unsettling feeling could be called “relaxxiety” — a mix of the words “relax” and “anxiety.” Chief Brand Officer Mike Newman suggests it to describe some of the anxieties that many of us often feel. Another anxiety-related proposal is the term “nightxiety” — perfect for when you can’t fall asleep because you’re too stressed about being awake at an ungodly hour.

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Bibliothekpanik

Sometimes loanwords from other languages make their way into the English language, so we felt it was appropriate to create our own. We turn to German influences to create“bibliothekpanik,” which can be defined as panicking over the sheer number of unread books you see when entering a library. This idea comes from Jennifer Freeman, who’s both a voracious reader and also the editor of Word Smarts. As someone who wants to read more books than there’s time for, Freeman experiences the specific angst of bibliothekpanik often, and suggests a few additional (faux) synonyms: “büchersehnsuchtangst” (taken from the German words for “books,” “deep yearning,” and “angst”) and “leseschuldangst,” which breaks down into “reading,” “guilt” and “fear.”

Regrot

“Regrot” combines “regret” and “forgotten,” such as when you reminisce about cringy things you did years ago. Nobody likes experiencing regrot, including our Senior Managing Editor Allie Takeda, who came up with the concept. Unfortunately, we all endure regrot from time to time, no matter how much we’d like to forget our embarrassing high school memories.

Precrastinate

This suggestion comes from yours truly, a person who would sooner arrive 30 minutes early than risk being five minutes late. “Precrastinate” combines the prefix “pre-,” meaning “before,” and “procrastinate,” which describes the act of putting something off. But if you’re a precrastinator like me, you’re perfectly content to sit in silence for an hour before an event, as long as you won’t miss a moment. In my opinion, it’s better to be early than to wait in long lines and risk getting in after the event has started.

These are just a few of the fun terms that our team came up with, but the sky is the limit. Send us your suggestions for words that you’d like to see added to the dictionary.

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2 MIN READ

When Should You Use ‘Large’ Instead of ‘Big’?

While “big” and “large” might seem interchangeable, these similar words carry subtle but important differences in meaning and usage.

by Bennett Kleinman
girl carrying big white gift box

When faced with something immense, sometimes the simplest reaction is letting your jaw drop in stunned silence. But if you’re looking for words to describe what you’re seeing, common vocabulary is either “large” or “big.” These synonyms are effectively interchangeable for physical size or a huge number, but there are nuanced differences between the words to describe less tangible qualities than sheer mass.

In general, think of “large” as a more quantifiable term that describes immensity, and think of “big” as a colloquial, flexible word that conveys feelings of importance. For example, “a big birthday party” could mean either an important birthday or one attended by many people. But “a large birthday party” doesn’t have the same connotation of importance. Instead, “large” would be used to describe measurable amounts, such as the actual attendance numbers or size of the event space.

Consider the way we call someone “the bigger person” for how they admirably handle a tough situation. You’re not commenting on their physical size; it’s a statement of their emotional greatness. “Large,” on the other hand, is the correct choice in many professional contexts, such as discussing “a large customer base.” This is especially appropriate when there’s a comparison to smaller or larger sizes. 

While “big” and “large” are synonymous in many contexts, understanding these nuances can help kick your communication and writing up a notch. Is it a big deal if you get it wrong? Only if a large number of people misunderstand you. 

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3 MIN READ

What Is the ‘Rule of Thumb’?

Is there a specific rule that inspired the “rule of thumb”? If you’ve heard an unpleasant story about it, we’re here to refute it.

by Bennett Kleinman
Hand gestering a thumbs up

Despite the thumb being the shortest digit, there’s a long list of thumb-based idioms found in the English language. Someone may have a “green thumb,” be “under your thumb,” or even “stick out like a sore thumb.” There’s also the “rule of thumb,” a phrase that some mistakenly attribute to an 18th-century English law dictating the bounds of spousal abuse. While it is true that many popular terms and slang phrases have uncomfortable origins, we’re happy to be able to refute this theory. In reality, the origins of this idiom date back roughly a hundred years earlier than the purported law.

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Even before the “rule of thumb” phrasing came about, the thumb was used for a unit of measure as early as the 15th century. This unit would have been roughly equivalent to the inch we use today, and at that time, it was a convenient tool everyone had handy (bad pun intended). A hand was also a unit of measure, but “foot” seems to be the only measurement term from this time period we still use. 

The idiom “rule of thumb” essentially refers to any method derived from personal experience rather than one based in precise science or calculation. The Oxford English Dictionary notes an early reference appears circa 1685 in Heaven Upon Earth, a book written by Scottish preacher James Durham: “Many profest Christians are like to foolish builders, who build by guess, and by rule of thumb.”

As Durham implied, performing duties by rule of thumb may rely on guesswork, but it can also involve finely honed instinct or common sense. One example could be a carpenter who has been building houses for so long, they eyeball things instead of precisely measuring. Or perhaps a chef who doesn’t use a meat thermometer, and estimates when a steak is perfectly medium-rare by touch. Both of these situations forgo scientific tools that are readily available — instead, the person in question uses some sort of “rule of thumb” based on personal experience. The carpenter might base a cabinet installation on their knowledge of how far apart studs are usually placed, and the chef might judge the feel of a steak in the pan. 

While these examples demonstrate where a rule of thumb might be used to replace more specific measurements, the phrase is also used for generally accepted knowledge. For example, “As a rule of thumb, plan to stop for gas every few hours; that will add time to your overall road trip.” This isn’t a specific measurement, but it’s giving advice or knowledge based on experience. 

All told, consider “rule of thumb” to be a rough approximation more than anything. It may work out in the end, but we’d still recommend using scientific tools to confirm when something important is at stake.

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2 MIN READ

Why Does ‘Football’ Mean Something Different in the U.S.?

Football takes over America for much of the fall and winter, but to the Brits, the word means an entirely different sport. Why and when did these meanings diverge?

by Bennett Kleinman
Two american football players in sports uniform and protective equipment in motion

To the majority of the 5 billion worldwide fans of the sport Americans call “soccer,” the game is called “football.” Despite “soccer” being used almost exclusively in the United States today, we can trace the origins of the word back to distinctly British roots. 

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The Oxford English Dictionary points out that various spellings of the term “football” have been used since the early 15th century to describe any game in which balls are kicked and/or sometimes handled. In 1863, a governing body called the Football Association was formed in England to oversee organized association football (referring to the game Americans call soccer). Eight years later, the Rugby Football Union was created as the governing body for that specific game. These two organizations showed that “football” could describe multiple sports so long as they involved a ball being kicked in some way.

Around the same time in America, association football and rugby football became popular among young men on college campuses. Around the late 19th century, a new game was created using elements from both of these English games. It was dubbed gridiron football — “gridiron” referring to the field on which it was played. This sport quickly surpassed both association and rugby football in terms of popularity in the United States. People would usually skip over “gridiron,” however, and shorten the name to “football” when discussing the game for ease of conversation. This sport developed into the current form of football played by organizations such as the NFL.

So where did “soccer” come from? Interestingly enough, though it’s primarily used as an Americanism now, “soccer” was coined in England as a shortened version of “assoccer,” which itself is a shortened form of “association football.” (Oxford students reportedly created this nickname to distinguish the sport from “ruggers,” or rugby.) While Brits rarely used this nickname, it became popular here in the United States among association football players. In 1945, the U.S. Football Association officially changed its name to the U.S. Soccer Football Association as a way to differentiate soccer from football, eventually dropping “football” from the name in 1974.

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2 MIN READ

Why Do We ‘Pop’ the Question?

Idioms frequently capture the drama and anticipation of love, but perhaps none as aptly as “pop the question” — a charming phrase to describe the gesture of a marriage proposal.

by Rachel Gresh
male hand holds out the engagement ring in box

Love has long been a muse for metaphor. Authors, poets, and songwriters have crafted countless expressions to describe the enchantment of romance, from Elvis Presley’s “Burning Love” to Washington Irving’s poetic comparison of love to “the rosy cloud in the morning of life.” Yet, before any two hearts can tie the proverbial knot, one pivotal question must be asked, or better yet, “popped.” 

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The idiom “pop the question” is a playful way to describe the act of proposing marriage. It’s deeply ingrained in modern romance culture, featuring in rom-coms and sitcoms, jewelry ads and casual conversation. And while this widespread phrase might seem like a modern invention that has become woven into everyday English, it’s been in use for centuries.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, an early recorded use of “pop the question” dates to 1573, in A Hundreth Sundrie Flowres, the first published work of English poet George Gascoigne: “At the last Pergo popped this question vnto him.” In Gascoigne’s time, “popping the question” wasn’t strictly reserved for marriage proposals. More commonly, it meant to ask a question abruptly or unexpectedly; “pop” was metaphorical, much like the shock of a banging door or the pop of a popcorn kernel.

By the 18th century, the phrase had taken on a romantic meaning, as evidenced in the New England Courant, one of Boston’s earliest newspapers: “I should be very glad to know your Sentiments whether it would be improper for the Lady to pop the Question first.” By the mid-19th century, other uses had faded, and the phrase almost exclusively referred to a proposal.

The idiom’s enduring popularity makes perfect sense: Marriage proposals are marked by a buildup of anticipation, suspense, and, often, surprise. Much like the celebratory pop of a champagne cork, this phrase marks a pivotal moment that can take us by surprise in the best way possible.

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2 MIN READ

Why Do We Say ‘Flash in the Pan’?

Why would “a flash in the pan” be disappointing? This idiom comes from a very literal meaning that time has forgotten.

by Bennett Kleinman
Silhouette photo of young woman feeling upset, sad, or disappoint

Calling someone or something a “flash in the pan” is a lot like when parents say, “I’m not mad, I’m just disappointed.” People use this idiom in reference to anything that initially shows great promise, only to fall flat in the end. For instance, it can be used to describe a band whose second album is a disappointment compared to its first, or an exciting business idea that fails to produce a quality product.

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But before it developed an idiomatic meaning, “flash in the pan” had a literal usage that referred to the way old firearms operated — specifically the flintlock musket. This 16th-century gun featured a little pan that contained the gunpowder. But these guns were unreliable, and it was common for the weapon to fire without discharging any ammunition. In the case of such a misfire, the gunpowder would still ignite — and that was  known as a flash in the pan.

It wasn’t until the early 1800s that this phrase was used more figuratively. The Oxford English Dictionary points to an example from 1809, found in an English translation of a French novel titled Adventures of Gil Blas:“I was not remiss in composing a fine compliment..with which I meant to launch out on her part; but it was just so much flash in the pan.” Concurrently, literal uses of the phrase became less common as archaic muskets were replaced with more modern firearms that lacked the gunpowder pan.

One of the most oft-repeated rumors about this phrase is that the “flash” is related to panning for gold during the gold rush of the mid-19th century. But the musket origin story is more likely to be true, given the much earlier usage of the phrase — though that’s not to say it wasn’t repeated among prospectors.

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2 MIN READ

Why Is Something Easy a ‘Piece of Cake’?

Tracing “piece of cake” back to its origins isn’t so simple. Its history winds through poetry and wartime slang before becoming the go-to phrase for effortless tasks.

by Bennett Kleinman
A slice of strawberry cake

Determining the origins of certain phrases is a piece of cake. But in terms of the idiom “piece of cake” itself, this goal is far from simple. We commonly use this phrase to describe any task that can be accomplished with ease. But you still may find yourself wondering why cake is the default dessert in this case, rather than a gooey brownie or a big bowl of pudding. Before we get sidetracked talking about sweet treats, let’s go back to the 1930s and discuss how the saying was first coined.

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The Oxford English Dictionary notes the idiom originated in print in the 1936 edition of Primrose Path, a collection of poetry by Ogden Nash: “Her picture’s in the papers now, And life’s a piece of cake.” Oddly, earlier editions of the poem featured the line “And everything is jake” instead — “jake” being a slang term meaning “satisfactory.” While the rhyming swap preserved the poetry of the line, the meaning of “piece of cake” implied “ease” from the beginning, and it was not synonymous with “satisfactory.” 

Shortly after Nash introduced the phrase, it was popularized by members of Britain’s Royal Air Force to describe an easy mission. Why they chose this phrase in particular is a bit of a mystery — maybe they read Nash’s poem, or perhaps they were inspired by “easy as pie,” a similar dessert-themed idiom dating to the 1890s. The cake idiom became indelibly connected with the RAF in short order, appearing in a 1942 article from the popular Life magazine about British pilots finding targets with ease. Many queries around linguistic message boards (they exist!) assume the idiom originated within the RAF, giving the pilots credit for the coinage. However, the American poet’s wording predated the military usage.

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4 MIN READ

10 Redundant Acronyms You Can Drop From Your Vocabulary

Is it a pet peeve for you when someone calls the ATM an “ATM machine”? Let’s learn about a few more redundant words to cut from your speech.

by Bennett Kleinman
PDF button on screen Laptop computer

No matter how eloquent a speaker or savvy a wordsmith you are, you’re absolutely certain to say something redundant from time to time. In fact, “absolutely certain” is a redundant phrase, as are other common expressions such as “added bonus” and “unexpected surprise.” 

Redundancies can get even sneakier with acronyms, shorthand versions of phrases usually made from the first letter of each word. Sometimes people tack on an extra word to an acronym, but that word is already contained within the acronym itself, which makes it redundant. Here’s a look at 10 of the most common redundant acronyms.

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ATM Machine

“ATM” stands for “automated (or automatic) teller machine,” which means adding the word “machine” is entirely unnecessary. These cash withdrawal devices date back to the 1960s, though it wasn’t until the mid-1970s that the acronym was commonly used. “ATM” appeared in an October 1975 edition of Changing Times personal finance magazine: “An ATM requires a much smaller investment than the construction of a full-fledged branch office.”

PIN Number

When you visit the ATM, you need to input your PIN number to access your account. But “PIN number” is redundant, given that “PIN” stands for “personal identification number.” PINs were invented back in 1966 (corresponding with the ability to access bank accounts through ATMs and telebanking), and one of the earliest printed examples of the term is redundant. A May 1976 copy of the Lincoln Star advised people to “choose your own PIN number when you establish your Money Service account.”

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LCD Display

Many digital screens have liquid crystal displays, a technology that was conceived of in the late 1960s. Often this is abbreviated to just “LCD,” though people often tack on an extra “display” at the end, making it redundant. This acronym first appeared in print in a 1973 electronics magazine, as per the Oxford English Dictionary.

PDF Format

A PDF, or portable document format, is a type of computer file that was developed by Adobe to allow documents to be easily viewed across a wide variety of software and operating systems. There’s no need to say “PDF format,” given that “PDF” by itself is perfectly acceptable. However, in 1992, print appearances of “PDF” referred to “portable document files.” By 1996, “files” had switched to “format.”

DC Comics

DC Comics is known for its classic superheroes Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, and the Flash. But did you know that “DC” stands for “Detective Comics,” which means that “DC Comics” is redundant? Detective Comics began publishing in 1937, and the name was shortened to just “DC” soon after.

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MLB Baseball

“MLB” stands for “Major League Baseball,” so there’s no need to mention the sport as well. The same applies to any other major American sports league, such as the NFL (National Football League), NHL (National Hockey League), NBA (National Basketball Association), or WNBA (Women’s National Basketball Association). In all of these instances, the acronym is more than enough.

RSVP Please

“RSVP” is shorthand for the French phrase répondez s’il vous plaît, which translates to “respond, if you please.” Given that knowledge, you’ll understand that saying “RSVP” is enough, and tacking on an extra “please” is unnecessary. The acronym was first used in this context by Londoners around 1825.

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SAT Test

Before applying to colleges, high school students usually take the SAT test to determine their educational prowess. But saying “test” might be tarnishing that display, given that “SAT” stands for “Scholastic Aptitude Test.” The SAT started in 1926, though according to the Oxford English Dictionary, printed citations only go as far back as 1961. The exam remains an important part of the college admissions process.

UPC Code

Almost all commercially sold products have a 12-digit barcode on the packaging that can be scanned to bring up the price. This is the UPC (universal product code), so you needn’t refer to it as the “UPC code.” The very first UPC ever scanned was for a pack of Wrigley’s Juicy Fruit gum in 1974 — the same year the acronym appeared in print.

AC/DC Current

We’re not talking about the rock band — we’re talking about alternating current and direct current, which can be shortened to “AC” and “DC,” respectively (although the rock band did reportedly name itself after the electrical currents, due to their electrifying sound). AC was first discovered in the 1830s, and DC was developed by Thomas Edison in the 1870s. Obviously context is key, because it’s easy to confuse “AC” for “air conditioning” or “DC” for the comic book brand. But despite these potential mix-ups, adding on the word “current” will make both acronyms redundant.

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2 MIN READ

Why Does ‘Stat’ Mean ‘Immediately’?

One word dominates medical dramas with urgency: “Stat!” You might assume it’s a modern invention, but it has ancient Latin roots.

by Rachel Gresh
Woman's hands hold a clock with the inscription NOW

Medical dramas are chock-full of interesting jargon, but one urgent request rises above the rest: “Stat!” This term undoubtedly has an air of urgency — but where did it come from? While it might seem like a modern invention, it traces back to the Latin word statim, meaning “immediately.” Let’s look at how “stat” made a centuries-long journey from ancient Rome to today’s email inboxes and hospital rooms.

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Latin was adopted early on for most science and medical fields, and statim conveyed a critical need for action. By 1800, the term was being used in medical contexts in English, and the abbreviation “stat” was recorded in the Medical & Physical Journal, used as an adverb to ensure quick execution. This shorthand was a more efficient way to still signal urgency. 

“Stat” as an adjective is demonstrated in a 1963 medical journal example: “I had just given her the stat dose when I noted she began to look jaundiced.” By this time, the original statim had all but disappeared from use.

Also around the mid-20th century, the term jumped from the pages of medical journals to science fiction novels. In Vonda N. McIntyre’s novel Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan (1982), a character demands, “Get a medic up here! Stat!” (Note that the context is still medical, albeit fictional, signaling an awareness of the word’s origin.) From there, “stat” entered everyday language and is now used to indicate any immediate need — even trivial things such as, “I need a coffee, stat!” 

Whether in the dramatic pauses of a medical drama or the lighthearted urgency of a caffeine craving, this Latin loanword retains its centuries-old power, packing a punch when needed.

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