4 MIN READ

9 of the Silliest Words in the English Language

The English language is full of twists, tricks, and tongue-twisters. Let’s take a look at some of the most bizarre English words out there.

by Jennifer A. Freeman
Three women laughing together

The English language is full of twists and tricks wherever you look, but sometimes the quirks make sense if you look at the roots. English is influenced by foreign words and cultures, as well as shifts in society and technological advancements. Some words are just plain silly, though. Let’s take a look at some of the strangest, funniest, and most bizarre English words in the lexicon.

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Lollygag

To fool around, dawdle, or procrastinate

“Lollygag” was first documented as “lallygag” in 1862. The exact origins are unknown, but it likely came from merging the colloquial “lolly,”meaning “tongue,” and “gag,” or “trick.” Perhaps it was originally a tongue-twister, but now “lollygag” is a verb meaning “to dawdle or procrastinate.”

Quit lollygagging and get ready for school. We're leaving in 10 minutes!

Collywobbles

Stomachache, nausea

Here’s another one from the 1800s: “Collywobbles” is most likely a mashup of the not-so-fun “colic” (a medical condition involving severe abdominal pain) and the slightly-more-fun “wobble.” It’s basically the old-fashioned version of a tummy ache.

I have a big presentation this afternoon and I've had collywobbles all day.
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Diphthong

A linguistic phenomenon when two vowels work together in a word to produce a sound that neither of them makes on their own

Linguists started talking about diphthongs in the 15th century. Some prime examples of diphthongs in action are in the shifting vowel sounds of “sound,” “noise,” and “annoy.

Choir, hold the second vowel sound in the diphthong until the end of the note.

Gubbins

Gadgets or any bits and pieces

“Gubbins” might be more familiar to British English speakers. For example, across the pond, someone with a fancy new car might describe it as having “all the gubbins.” That mystery drawer in the kitchen could also be “full of gubbins.” The word, meaning “fragments” or “gadgets,” has been in use since the 16th century, but the definition of “miscellany” dates to the early 20th century.

I can't find anything in my purse because it's full of gubbins.
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Borborygmus

The sound of a stomach rumbling

Everyone has experienced borborygmus. This technical-sounding word is perhaps a more polite description for what you might call “tummy rumbles.” Let’s just hope your next borborygmus doesn’t lead to collywobbles.

Please excuse my borborygmus — I skipped lunch today.

Widdershins

Counterclockwise, a contrary direction

This 16th-century Scottish slang means “a direction contrary to the sun’s course, considered as unlucky.” It’s basically the original way of saying “counterclockwise,” or “in the wrong direction.”

Excuse me, I believe you're turning widdershins and you want to go that direction instead.

Hobbledehoy

A clumsy or awkward young person

The mid-16th century was a tough time. There was no running water, wars and religious disputes were breaking out all over Europe, and even tomatoes were thought to be poisonous. But times must have been particularly tough for teenagers — so much so that a new word was coined to describe the clumsiest of the bunch: “hobbledehoy.”

John was a hobbledehoy for a few years, but he's gained a lot of confidence in his twenties.

Mugwump

A person who is independent on the political spectrum

This term was adopted from the Algonguin word for great chief, “mugquomp,” but the evolution of the definition has been a bit of a rollercoaster. It became an insult for someone who considers themself to be very important, and was then used against independents in politics in the 1880s — but those independents embraced it. The Mugwumps were an unofficial party of activists in the 1880s who were against political corruption.

With all the mudslinging going around, I prefer to remain a mugwump.
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Troglodyte

A person who lived in a cave

In the prehistoric context, a troglodyte was someone who lived in a cave. The term can still be applied to a modern hermit, but they don’t have to reside in a cave. Additionally, you can probably imagine this being used as an insult in an ’80s comedy flick — “What a troglodyte!” In that usage, you’re calling someone deliberately ignorant or old-fashioned. It’s a fun word to say, but we’re of the opinion that if you can’t say anything nice, well, you know.

I don't want to date any troglodytes — I need someone who will go to the theater and concerts every weekend.
Featured image credit: Thais Varela/ Unsplash+
Jennifer A. Freeman
Senior Editor, Word Smarts
Jennifer A. Freeman is the Senior Editor of Word Smarts and Word Daily. When she's not searching for a perfect synonym or reaching "Genius" level on Spelling Bee, she's playing with her Welsh Terrier in Greenville, SC.
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5 MIN READ

Exploring the Linguistic Roots of the Southern Drawl

A person from Boston speaks differently than a person from New York City, to say nothing of the difference between Midwestern and Southern accents. While all of these are American, the roots of the Southern drawl have a unique colonial history.

by Jennifer A. Freeman
Stacked up cowboy hats

While many countries have geographical differences in accents (for example, a posh London accent versus the rough-and-tumble Cockney accent), America’s various accents are particularly pronounced. A person from Boston speaks differently than a person from New York City, despite their relative geographic closeness, to say nothing of the difference between Midwestern and Southern accents. While all of these are American, the roots of the Southern drawl have a unique colonial history. Let’s examine what makes this distinctive accent so quintessentially American. 

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Where the Southern Drawl Came From 

Call it a drawl or a twang, but one of the primary hallmarks of Southern American English (SAE) is a melodic, relaxing quality. A marketing firm conducted a survey of global English accents, and the Southern accent was voted the most pleasant. (New York and Boston accents were voted the least pleasant — sorry, New Englanders.) 

Some may attribute this laid-back melody to the slower, more relaxed pace of life the South is supposed to have compared to northern regions, but there’s more at play. The specific qualities of the Southern accent (and all accents) developed through the intersection of cultural exchange, geography, and evolving linguistics.

Importantly, there is more than one type of accent within SAE — Texans sound different than Virginians, who sound different than Louisianans. But they all share an origin story in the mingling of British colonists and enslaved Africans. 

The final “r” sound in words such as “four” and “here” is very important to linguists. If speakers drop the final “r,” that’s called “non-rhotic” as opposed to “rhotic,” wherein the “r” is pronounced. In the mid-1700s in the plantation system, using non-rhotic speech to match upper-class British accents was considered “prestigious” speech (“prestigious” being a way linguists classify certain accents as culturally preferred over others). 

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As accents have changed over time, it’s more common now for white Southerners to pronounce the final “r” and use rhotic speech and for Black Americans everywhere to use non-rhotic speech. In Southern states outside of the former plantation system, it’s more common to use rhotic patterns. 

The so-called “Southern drawl” can also be explained in linguistic terms. The stretched-out sounds come from vowels — a diphthong is when a vowel shifts from one sound to another. For example, in the word “boy,” the “o” sound shifts into an “i.” The Southern accent prominently features monopthongization, which is when a diphthong, or two-part vowel sound, is flattened into a single vowel sound. 

In a recorded example from a University of Georgia linguist, you can hear how the word “five” changes from a standard diphthong (with an “i” transitioning to an “ee,” as in “me”) to a monophthong in SAE. “Five” is flattened into an elongated “ah” vowel sound. 

Finally, the Southern accent is marked by unique lexical choices and grammatical variations — a Southerner might say “I reckon” or “I might could” instead of “I might be able to.” (For further examples of this, we recommend Instagram personality Landon Bryant, who makes learning Southern slang and lexicon as easy as drinking a glass of sweet tea.)

Southern Accent Variations

The Tidewater accent, which sounds particularly gentle and rhythmic, is rooted in early British settlers, and can be found in pockets of Virginia and North Carolina. It has non-rhoticity and a glide in long “i” sounds (“ride” sounds like “royd”). 

The Piedmont accent is found in more urban areas than coastal regions. For example, the North Carolina cities of Charlotte, Raleigh, and Winston-Salem are known for Piedmont accents. It’s somewhat of a stereotypical Southern accent, differentiated by a subtle drawl, rhotic pronunciation of the letter “r,” and elongated vowel pronunciation (“cat” sounds more like “caat”).  

The Appalachian accent is characterized by a Scotch Irish influence. It preserves certain aspects of Elizabethan English through distinctive pronunciations — for example, “like” sounds like “lack.” A musical quality comes from initial syllable stress, which is when the emphasis is shifted to the first syllable of a word.

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The areas around the Gulf of Mexico (in particular, Louisiana) have French and Spanish influences, but we’re not talking about the distinct dialects of Louisiana French or Gullah. The SAE accent found in this region is distinctive for a specific vowel shift that linguists call the “PEN/PIN merger.” With this accent, both “pen” and “pin” are pronounced the same, with an “ih” vowel. Another example of this is how the word “feel” might be pronounced like “fill.”

The Texas accent, meanwhile, combines elements of Southern and Western English. A unique characteristic of the Texan accent is the “caught-cot merger,” which displays elements of nasality and sharpness. As with “pen” and “pin,” this linguistic merger makes “caught” and “cot” sound alike (along with other words with these vowel sounds). 

This is just a brief overview of what makes SAE (and its many variations of Southern accents) so special, but any of the linguistic topics mentioned here have layers of nuance and study behind them. We reckon that’ll do it for now. 

Featured image credit: Simeon Jacobson/ Unsplash
Jennifer A. Freeman
Senior Editor, Word Smarts
Jennifer A. Freeman is the Senior Editor of Word Smarts and Word Daily. When she's not searching for a perfect synonym or reaching "Genius" level on Spelling Bee, she's playing with her Welsh Terrier in Greenville, SC.
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3 MIN READ

8 Gnarly Slang Terms Made Popular by Generation X

Gen Xers grew up under the effects of cable television, new musical genres, and a changing economy. Let’s take a nostalgic journey into the radical world of Gen X slang.

by Lisa Galek
girl listening to the music and fliping her hair

Born between baby boomers and millennials, the members of Generation X are marked by unique cultural influences, a rebellious spirit, and distinctive language. Gen Xers are typically defined as folks born between 1965 and 1980, and they grew up under the effects of cable television, new musical genres, and a changing economy. Let’s take a nostalgic journey into the radical world of Gen X slang.

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As If

This phrase is a great catchall to demonstrate disbelief, skepticism, or dismissiveness, and it works especially well with an eye roll. The 1995 movie Clueless popularized “as if” for the masses, though director Amy Heckerling credits the slang to the LQBTQ+ community, saying she “thought it would be a good thing for teenagers to be saying.”

Chill Pill

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the phrase “take a chill pill” dates to 1981, as a slangy replacement for “calm down.” Essentially, Gen Xers advised their friends to pop a metaphorical pill to help them relax and stop stressing out.

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Cowabunga

Most Gen Xers remember the word “cowabunga” from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon of the 1980s or Bart Simpson in the 1990s. However, this exclamation (used to express amazement or enthusiasm) actually originated on Howdy Doody in the late 1940s, when writer Eddie Kean created the catchphrase for the character of Chief Thunderthud.

Dude

For Gen Xers, a dude can be anyone — the word has evolved to be somewhat of a gender-neutral noun. Etymologists believe “dude” originally came from shortening the phrase “Yankee Doodle Dandy.” In that context, a dude was the type of guy who was overly concerned with his dress and appearance. In millennial slang, we might call that person a hipster.

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Gag Me With a Spoon

To convey a sense of strong distaste or annoyance, a Gen Xer might say, “Gag me with a spoon!” Today’s teens will just call the situation “cringe.” The gag-inducing saying comes from the Valley girl-speak of California’s San Fernando Valley, which is, like, known for a lilting accent and a heavy use of “like” and “whatever.”

Gnarly

In the 1970s, the word “gnarly” was used by surfers to describe a dangerous wave. Gen X teens morphed it into slang to mean either “cool and excellent” or “nasty and unpleasant.” Someone could have both a “gnarly skateboard” and “gnarly skinned knees.”

Headbanger

Fans of heavy metal music were called “headbangers” because they would violently shake their heads in rhythm with the music. The term peaked in popularity in the 1980s, but concertgoers were spotted headbanging years earlier, such as in this footage of Led Zeppelin performing “Communication Breakdown” in 1970.

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Yuppies

This term, used for upwardly mobile workers who were moving into urban areas, first appeared in print in 1980. Writer Dan Rottenberg described this group of Gen Xers as “young urban professionals rebelling against the stodgy suburban lifestyles of their parents. The Yuppies seek neither comfort nor security but stimulation, and they can find that only in the densest sections of the city.” What started as a neutral term quickly became a pejorative as the decade progressed.

Featured image credit: QunicaStudio/ iStock
Lisa Galek
Freelance Writer
Lisa Galek is a freelance writer and editor based in Cleveland, Ohio. Her writing has appeared in Business Insider, Apartment Therapy, Scholastic Science World, and on, literally, thousands of American Greetings cards. The only thing she loves more than an Oxford comma — or an em dash — is her husband and three charming children.
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4 MIN READ

Why Does Stressing the Right Syllable Matter?

The concept of syllables is straightforward, but mastering the art of stressing the correct syllables and how meanings of words can change based on their stressed syllables is where it can get tricky.

by Lisa Galek
Young boy learning to pronounce letters

Think back to early school days when you were perhaps learning longer vocabulary words and a teacher guided you in clapping out individual sounds within the word. Those individual sounds are called syllables. A syllable is a unit of spoken language with at least one vowel sound, and these units are the building blocks of words. The concept of syllables is straightforward, but mastering the art of stressing the correct syllables and how meanings of words can change based on their stressed syllables is where it can get tricky. This is true for native and non-native English speakers alike.

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How To Find the Stressed Syllable

Except for in one-syllable words, there’s always a stressed syllable, or one that is pronounced higher or louder and with more emphasis than other syllables. Longer words may have a primary and secondary stress. This video shows some tips from a linguist on how to identify the primary stress in any word. Start by paying attention to the pitch of your voice when saying a word aloud. The stressed syllable will have a higher pitch and often takes longer to articulate. It’s louder and more drawn out, while the unstressed syllables are shorter and softer.

Consider, for example, the four syllables of the word “universal” (u-ni-ver-sal). Try saying “universal” a few times. Do you hear where the primary stress hits? It may be helpful to say the word in a sentence, since context is often important. Try the sentence, “This is a universal practice.” Practice the word with emphasis on different syllables (U-niversal, u-NI-versal, univer-SAL, uni-VER-sal). For a native speaker, it’s clear where the stress belongs. It’s the third syllable, “ver,” and the pronunciation with the correct emphasis is “u-ni-VER-sal.” 

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How To Determine Pronunciation

Non-native speakers may have a trickier time with emphasizing the correct syllables in the natural rhythm of English. Their original language might have a similarly spelled word that places an emphasis on a different syllable, or their accent might have a different intonation. It’s common for non-native English speakers to mispronounce words by placing the emphasis on a different syllable, but it’s not always a mistake to change pronunciation. It’s an accepted poetry technique to change the stress of syllables to create metered verse and adapt words to fit a certain rhythm.    

When someone, either a native or non-native English speaker, is unclear about the proper emphasis or pronunciation of a word, the best resource is a dictionary. Along with the definition and word origin will be a pronunciation guide. Sometimes dictionaries use an accepted phonetic pronunciation guide, or their own version of a pronunciation guide. Any dictionary will have a section where it explains how to use its particular pronunciation guide. Syllables are usually defined by spaces in between each part, which makes it easier to sound out each particular syllable. Hyphens or another divider might be used, but the pronunciation guide will explain that. The guide will also designate how stresses are indicated, but the most common ways are through capitalized, bolded, or italicized text, or with a (‘) mark. 

For example, the pronunciation of the word “universal” could be shown in a variety of ways, depending on the pronunciation guide: “u ni VER sal,” “u-ni-VER-sal,” or “u ni ‘ver sal.”

Syllable Stress Guidelines

While it may seem like the emphasis placement in English words is random, there are a few guidelines. 

In general, prefixes and suffixes are not stressed: RUNN-ing, WANT-ed, ir-REG-u-lar, ex-CEL.

In the case of homonyms (words that are spelled the same, but have different pronunciations), the part of speech changes the pronunciation. Verbs are usually stressed on the second syllable, and nouns and adjectives on the first. For example, the word “present” has a different stressed syllable when it is a noun versus a verb. 

Tina brought a PRE-sent for the baby.

Tom is going to pre-SENT to the group.

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English Stressed Syllables Around the World

It’s worth noting that syllable stresses vary across English-speaking dialects. While the above mentioned stresses are based on typical American English pronunciations, distinctions emerge in other countries or regions. Compare American and British English. With the word “advertisement,” Americans say “ad-ver-TISE-ment,” while British folks usually say “ad-VER-tise-ment,” with stress on different syllables.

Though both versions are understood, the pronunciation is distinct. For non-native speakers striving for fluency, it’s helpful to understand syllable stress in the country or area where you are speaking. This will help boost your ability to communicate and be understood by others.

Featured image credit: Anastasiyastar87/ Shutterstock
Lisa Galek
Freelance Writer
Lisa Galek is a freelance writer and editor based in Cleveland, Ohio. Her writing has appeared in Business Insider, Apartment Therapy, Scholastic Science World, and on, literally, thousands of American Greetings cards. The only thing she loves more than an Oxford comma — or an em dash — is her husband and three charming children.
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2 MIN READ

What Does “It’s Just Semantics” Mean?

Calling something “just” semantics is a bit like saying Socrates was “just” a philosopher. Words shape our understanding of the world, which is why choosing the right ones is so important. Let’s learn the power of semantics.

by Michael Nordine
Linguistics word next to open book, glasses, pen and many letters

When people use the word “semantics,” they’re usually referring to, well, words (at least if they understand what they’re saying). Phrases such as “it’s just semantics” and “you’re arguing semantics” are usually invoked when a debate is becoming unproductive, often when at least one side’s position has become muddled. But the actual definitions of “semantics” and the phrase “it’s just semantics” go deeper than a choice of words and have to do with meaning. Semantics is, in fact, the study of meaning in a linguistic context: how words get their meaning, how we use words to understand the meaning of complex concepts, and what meaning itself actually is. Which is to say, calling something “just” semantics is a bit like saying Socrates was “just” a philosopher.

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The word itself comes from the Greek verb sēmainō, “to mean” or “to signify,” and the noun sēmantikos, “significant.” Consider, for instance, the famous Romeo and Juliet observation that “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” While that’s true, Shakespeare deliberately chose the example of a rose rather than, say, a lily, because different flowers — and, indeed, different words — have different connotations. Roses evoke elegance, romance, and a fanciful air in a way that other flowers don’t, at least not to the same extent. Saying that “a skunk cabbage by any other name would smell as rotten” would be accurate, but it would convey an entirely different meaning. Shakespeare’s choice of the rose was semantics at play.

If you believe that there’s a nice (or at least diplomatic) way to say pretty much anything, you’re a believer in the inherent power of semantics. The next time someone says “that’s just semantics,” use that as a springboard for a deeper dive, instead of an ending point to the conversation. What is the meaning of the words at play? What is being signified by those particular choices? Words shape our understanding of the world, which is why choosing the right ones is so important.

Featured image credit: slexp880/ iStock
Michael Nordine
Senior Writer and Editor
Michael Nordine is the Senior Writer and Editor at Optimism. A native Angeleno, he has two cats and wishes he had more.
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2 MIN READ

Why Can’t We Get Rid of Silent Letters?

Even if you’re a lifelong English speaker, you might find silent letters to be unnecessary and confusing. What’s the purpose of silent letters and why not just get rid of them?

by Bennett Kleinman
Child playing with letters

Learning the English language is a lot like the Greek myth of Sisyphus pushing a rock up a mountain — just when you think you’ve accomplished it, you realize you need to learn an entirely new grammatical concept from square one. Take silent letters, which make it especially difficult for non-native speakers to learn English. Even if you’re a lifelong English speaker, you might find silent letters to be unnecessary and confusing. They make it harder to both spell and pronounce certain words. This begs the question: What’s the purpose of silent letters and why not just get rid of them?

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Grammatically, silent letters are known as “empty” letters. Some examples include the “k” in “knife” and the “w” in “answer.” But you may be surprised to learn that these letters weren’t always silent. Old English speakers pronounced the “k” in “knife” and “knight.” Then around 1400, English underwent what’s known as the Great Vowel Shift. During this period, the pronunciation of many words changed dramatically, though the spelling of those very same words often stayed the same. This confounding schism resulted in many of the silent letters that still exist today.

So why don’t we just eliminate silent letters? First off, silent letters help differentiate between homophones such as “hours” and “ours.” Etymologists also use some silent letters to learn about word origins. This doesn’t affect the average English speaker, but it can be essential in studying the evolution of language. Lastly — and this may be the most frustrating reason — people have just come to accept the fact that these silent letters exist. The 1.5 billion English speakers across the world probably wouldn’t be too keen to learn parts of the language all over again.

Featured image credit: Daniela Jovanovska-Hristovska/ iStock
Bennett Kleinman
Staff Writer
Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Optimism. He is also a freelance comedy writer, devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.
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2 MIN READ

How Does Siri Speak English?

For many iPhone users, Siri is close to a personal assistant. But how do these devices talk to us like people? Let’s talk about AI and language learning.

by Bennett Kleinman
iPhone Siri display

For many iPhone users, Siri is the closest thing imaginable to a personal assistant. It can schedule appointments, order more dish soap, and even recommend restaurants for your big night out. But it isn’t really a person; it’s a virtual assistant built into Apple devices. Other virtual assistants such as Alexa and Cortana perform similar tasks, which begs the question: How do these technologies understand and communicate with us as if we’re having a conversation? It all has to do with natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning, two important subfields of artificial intelligence (AI). 

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The basic fundamentals of NLP are as follows: Our devices begin by parsing individual words rather than the full sentence. For example, if you ask Siri to “show me pictures of a dog,” it’ll try to determine what the words “picture” and “dog” mean prior to fulfilling the request. This is where machine learning comes into play — smart devices analyze copious amounts of data to produce an accurate result, but doing so requires trial and error. An untrained device may wrongly assume that anything with four legs and fur is a dog, and show you pictures of a cat. But over time, these devices are given feedback to improve their accuracy and become more reliable.

Once Siri defines each word, it can figure out how to answer what you’re asking. Here, context is important, especially for words with multiple meanings. Voice assistants often analyze a user’s past behavior to make an educated determination. For instance, if you search for a lot of music, Siri is more likely to assume you’re asking for info about Chicago the band, rather than facts about Chicago, Illinois, when you say, “Tell me about Chicago.” If you ask Siri a question that it doesn’t understand, or it gets a request wrong, try rephrasing with a few more context clues to help the algorithm figure it out.

Featured image credit: Omid Armin/ Unsplash
Bennett Kleinman
Staff Writer
Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Optimism. He is also a freelance comedy writer, devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.
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2 MIN READ

Why Is a Small Horse Called a Pony?

There are countless adorable names for diminutive animals, including “bunny,” “kitty,” “puppy,” and “pony.” But why is “pony” so different from “horse,” and where did it come from?

by Jennifer A. Freeman
Two ponies standing in snow

After “mama” and “dada,” names for animals rank near the top of the list of vocabulary words for babies. We love to ask toddlers, “What sound does a kitten make?” And people of all ages cry with delight when they see cows, horses, and sheep in fields from the car. This animal fascination isn’t hard to understand, but what’s less clear is the connection between the names for some of our favorite animals and their juvenile or diminutive forms.

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Take “horse” and the corresponding “pony” — the two words don’t appear to have any etymology in common, so what’s the relation? We can trace “pony” back to pony, the Scottish word to describe a very small horse, which has been in use since the mid-17th century. At the time, the specific definition of powny was “a horse less than 13 hands tall.” It likely came from a (now-obsolete) French word, poulenet, that had roughly the same meaning: “little foal.” “Foal” is the technical term for a horse younger than 1 year old (“filly” is specifically a young female horse), but among children it’s common to use the word “pony” instead. The modern definition of “pony” is a horse of a small breed that is less than 58 inches (14 1/2 hands) tall at the shoulder.

The usage of pony as an indicator of something smaller than usual also has spilled over into barware. The pony glass comes in two styles: a quarter-pint of beer or a 1-ounce pour (sometimes called a cordial glass). ”Pony keg” is slang for a quarter-barrel keg, a size popular with homebrewers.

The next time you point out animals on a road trip, take note of the size. Is that horse shorter than 5 feet? You’ve spotted a pony.

Featured image credit: ALEX_UGALEK/ Shutterstock
Jennifer A. Freeman
Senior Editor, Word Smarts
Jennifer A. Freeman is the Senior Editor of Word Smarts and Word Daily. When she's not searching for a perfect synonym or reaching "Genius" level on Spelling Bee, she's playing with her Welsh Terrier in Greenville, SC.
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2 MIN READ

What’s So Extra About Extra-Virgin Olive Oil?

Ever wonder what makes an olive oil “extra-virgin?” Let’s investigate why certain foods come with their own designated adjectives.

by Jennifer A. Freeman
Spoonful of olive oil

Your extra-virgin olive oil doesn’t need to be reserved for over-the-top meals or especially dramatic recipes. With olive oil, the extra-ness of “extra-virgin” describes the production process — any oil that’s obtained from the fruit of olive trees is an olive oil, but what differentiates an extra-virgin olive oil from a virgin olive oil, or just plain olive oil, is that EVOO is unrefined. This means it hasn’t been processed with chemicals or heat. An unrefined extra-virgin olive oil will retain high levels of oleic acid, which is what gives the oil its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, along with its rich golden color and distinctive peppery flavor. 

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Olive oil isn’t the only food that gets a special adjective. “Prime,” as a descriptor for beef, comes from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). There are eight grades of beef given by the regulatory agency, the top three of which — “prime,” “choice,” and “select” — are likely the most recognizable to American grocery shoppers. The grade is assigned based on a combination of marbling and maturity of the cow, and prime beef is the highest quality in terms of tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. (“Marbling” describes the flecks of fat within the meat that give it flavor and tenderness.) 

As we move over to the dairy aisle, what makes cream “heavy,” as opposed to just cream? It has to do with fat content. Heavy cream is homogenized, meaning the fat it contains is emulsified and mixed well into the milk, giving it a thick consistency. Manufacturers add specific proportions of milk fat to the milk, and heavy cream contains no less than 36% milk fat.Take a stroll around the grocery store and you’ll find plenty of items with their own designated adjectives. These are not just for show. They usually have a backstory related to the production, farming, or regulation involved in getting that item to the shelves.

Featured image credit: Liudmila Chernetska/ iStock
Jennifer A. Freeman
Senior Editor, Word Smarts
Jennifer A. Freeman is the Senior Editor of Word Smarts and Word Daily. When she's not searching for a perfect synonym or reaching "Genius" level on Spelling Bee, she's playing with her Welsh Terrier in Greenville, SC.
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2 MIN READ

Isn’t It Ironic How You Use “Ironic” Incorrectly?

This quibble may be a bit pedantic, but we’re of the opinion that words matter. Stop and think about whether what you’re experiencing is the exact opposite of what was expected to happen. If it is, then that’s irony.

by Bennett Kleinman
Woman hands showing quotation marks

As Inigo Montoya once famously declared, “You keep using that word. I do not think it means what you think it means.” The truth is that it’s not “inconceivable” for even the most devout grammarians to mess up on occasion. Sometimes you may think you know what a word means, but its true definition is entirely different. One common example is the word “ironic.” This word is mistakenly thrown around all the time, but thankfully, it’s an easy lexical problem to fix.

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Let’s begin by examining the meaning of the word “irony.” Merriam-Webster defines it as “the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning,” and notes that it’s also commonly used in a “humorous or sardonic literary style.” There are a few different types of irony — for instance, a fire station burning down is an example of situational irony. Dramatic irony is when the audience knows something that a character does not. Verbal irony involves using words in an opposing way to their true meaning; one example of this is suggesting that a blizzard is the perfect time to go for a dip in the pool.

But people mess up the use of the word “irony” — and thus “ironic” — far too often. One of the most common pitfalls is using the word to describe an unfortunate event, such as wearing the same outfit as someone to a social function. If you’re still not sure what this means, look no further than Alanis Morissette’s 1996 hit song “Ironic,” which is notorious for its grammatically incorrect lyrics. (To be clear: Rain on your wedding day might be considered a bad omen, but it’s not ironic.)

This quibble may be a bit pedantic, but we’re of the opinion that words matter. Stop and think about whether what you’re experiencing is the exact opposite of what was expected to happen. If it is, then that’s irony. If it’s just an event that happened by chance, use “coincidental” instead.

Featured image credit: Golubovy/ Shutterstock
Bennett Kleinman
Staff Writer
Bennett Kleinman is a New York City-based staff writer for Optimism. He is also a freelance comedy writer, devoted New York Yankees and New Jersey Devils fan, and thinks plain seltzer is the best drink ever invented.
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